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And, while I'm at it, may as well do the follow up as to the origins of the Last Post.
Arthur Lane was a bugler in the British Army when he was captured by Japanese forces during the fall of Singapore in 1942. He spent the remainder of World War Two in PoW camps and working on the notorious Burma Railway. But he also had a more melancholy duty. He still had his bugle with him and it was his task to sound the Last Post for each of his comrades who died during those years. For the rest of his long life, he was haunted by nightmares. And he never played the Last Post again.
The sound of a lone bugler playing the Last Post has become one of the most distinctive sounds in the world. Eerie and evocative, it exists beyond all the usual barriers of nation, religion, race and class, charged with the memory of generations of the fallen. But it wasn't always like this. The Last Post was first published in the 1790s, just one of the two dozen or so bugle calls sounded daily in British Army camps. At that time soldiers didn't have wristwatches, so they had to be regulated in camp, they had to have a trumpet call or a bugle call to tell them when to get up, when to have their meals, when to fetch the post, when to get on parade, when to go to bed and all other things throughout the day.
The soldier's day started with the call of Reveille, and came to a close with the First Post. This indicated that the duty officer was commencing his inspection of the sentry-posts on the perimeter of the camp. The inspection would take about 30 minutes, and at the end there would be sounded the Last Post, the name referring simply to the fact that the final sentry-post had been inspected. For decades this was the sole use of the call, a signal that the camp was now secure for the night, closed till morning.
It was not until the 1850s that another role began to emerge. It was an era when many military bandsmen, and most bandmasters, were civilians and were under no obligation to accompany their regiments on overseas postings. So when a soldier died in a foreign land, there was often no music available to accompany him on his final journey. And, necessity being the mother of invention, a new custom arose of charging the regimental bugler to sound the Last Post over the grave. The symbolism was simple and highly effective.
The Last Post now signalled the end not merely of the day but of this earthly life. And, as the practice developed it was then followed by few moments of silent prayer and by the sounding of Reveille, the first call of the day, to signify the man's rebirth into eternal life. A further dimension was added in the first years of the 20th Century. The end of the Boer War saw the rise of war memorials. This was a break with the past. The traditional way of commemorating a victory was to erect a statue to the general or the commander. But these monuments listed the names of the dead, both officers and other ranks, the men the Duke of Wellington was said to have called "the scum of the earth".
There was a new mood of democracy abroad and the war memorials reflected this. And every time a memorial was unveiled, it was to the sound of the Last Post being played, now the symbol not only of death but of remembrance.
By the time that WW1 broke out in 1914, the Last Post was already part of the national culture. During the war, it was played countless times at funerals iat the Western Front and it was played at funerals, memorials and services back home. It was already becoming a familiar sound, but with mass enlistment, the walls that had long existed between the civilian and the soldier broke down completely, and a piece of music that had once belonged exclusively to military culture was adopted by a wider society. HG Wells said this was "a people's war", and the Last Post became the people's anthem. So it remains. In the decades that followed WW1, it became almost a sacred anthem in an increasingly secular society.
Arthur Lane, sounding the Last Post in Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, became known as "the musician to the dead". He kept with him, for the duration of his captivity, a roll of army-issue toilet-paper, on which he dutifully recorded the names and details of each of the men whose funeral he attended. And at the end of the war, he counted up the names. He had sounded the Last Post for over 3,000 of his fallen comrades.
So endeth the lesson.
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